| Sažetak | U ovom radu izložena je povijest Atene u antičko doba, a koje posebice obuhvaća njezinu društvenu strukturu, život stanovništva Atene, ali i njezin pravni i politički razvoj. Proučavanjem razne povijesne, pravne i filozofske literature saznaje se i za različite oblike vladavine koji su se tokom vremena izmjenjivali u polisu Ateni, od monarhije pa sve do demokratske republike u kojoj vlast preuzima narod. Da bi se došlo do demokracije, Atena i njezin narod prošli su kroz niz reformi pojedinaca koji su težili promijeniti situaciju u Ateni, od Drakona koji je prvi puta popisao pravila običajnog prava, preko Solona i Klistena koji su udarili temelje demokraciji, pa sve do Perikla kada je Atena doživjela svoj procvat u kulturnom i političkom smislu. Važnu ulogu u polisu imale su i njene institucije , od kojih su najvažnije bile areopag, Vijeće (bule) i Narodna skupština (eklezija) koja naposljetku postaje najvažnije zakonodavno tijelo. Oduvijek je bilo poznato da je društvo Atene bilo podijeljeno na ljude sa građanskim pravom, i na one bez tog prava, pa čak i bez mogućnosti normalnog sudjelovanja u javnom životu ( što se odnosilo na robove i žene). Stranci koji su godinama bili naseljeni u atenskom polisu nisu se smatrali punopravnim građanima Atene, ali su svakako bili pozvani sudjelovati u ratu ili pak u plaćanju raznih nameta. Stanovništvo Atene je pretežno bilo poljoprivredno, stoga je temeljnu vrijednost ovog društva predstavljala upravo zemlja, koja je počela biti i osnova sudjelovanja u raznim državnim službama. Osim poljoprivredom, atenski narod se bavio i obrtom i trgovinom, a Atena je bila jedna od najjačih trgovačkih središta. Atensko pravo bilo je običajno, i svi kasniji pisani zakoni morali su biti u skladu sa starim običajima kojih su se sudovi morali pridržavati. U radu su opisane najvažnije grane prava, stvarno i obvezno, bračno, obiteljsko i nasljedno te kazneno pravo.
Atena je svojom bogatom poviješću jedan od zanimljivijih grčkih gradova , a o svemu svjedoče brojni nepravni izvori s obzirom da su cjelokupni život i pravo Atene bili utemeljeni upravo na običajima koji su se prenosili s koljena na koljeno. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | This paper presents the history of Athens in ancient time, which in particular encompasses its social structure, life of the population of Athens, but also its legal and political development. By studying the various historical, legal and philosophical literature, one learns about the different forms of governance that have changed over time in the polis of Athens, from the monarchy to the democratic republic where power is taken over by the people. In order to establish democracy, Athens and its people went through a series of reforms of individuals who sought to change the situation in Athens, from the Draco who first listed common law rules, through Solon and Klisten who laid the groundwork for democracy, all the way to Pericles when Athens experienced a flourishing cultural and political sense. An important role in the polis was played by its institutions, of which the most important were Areopagus, Council (bule) and an Assembly of the people (ekklesia) , which eventually became the most important legislative body. It has always been known that the Athenian society was divided into people with civil rights, and those without that right, and even without the possibility of normal participation in public life (which applied to slaves and women). Foreigners who had been settled in the Athenian polis for years were not considered full citizens of Athens, but they were certainly invited to participate in the war or to pay various levies. The population of Athens was predominantly agricultural, so the basic value of this society was precisely the land, which became the basis of participation in various civil services. In addition to agriculture, the Athenian people were also engaged in trade and commerce, and Athens was one of the strongest trading centers. Athenian law was customary, and all subsequent written laws had to conform to the old customs that the courts had to comply. The paper describes the most important branches of law, real and mandatory, marital, family and hereditary, and criminal law. Athens, with its rich history, is one of the more interesting Greek cities, and many non-legal sources testify to this since the entire life and right of Athens were based precisely on customs that were passed from generation to generation. |
