In this final work is detail description and concept of railway transport, beginnings that date back to the distant past, from the 16th century to today's modern railway infrastructure. The development of railway transport is described, and the emphasis is placed on railway transport in the Republic of Croatia. Furthermore, the sources of railway law are listed, which are divided into national and international. One part of this final work describes railway transport and railway infrastructure, as well as the development possibilitiesof railway transport in the Republic of Croatia. One of the important things related to the railways in the Republic of Croatia is the process of restructuring the Croatian railways, and the inclusion of the Croatian railways in the railway network of the European Union. The second half of final work deals with environmental impacts and how rail transport affects on the environment. Railways and the atmosphere, railways and safety, as well as railways and combined transport are described in more detail. As an emphasis on environmental impacts, includes environmental advantages, such as lower emissions of harmful gases compared to other means of transport such as cars, and the disadvantages of rail transport, most notably train noise, and the treatment of railways with herbicides. The final work is ending with a description of the possibilities of environmental protection that is part of the business policy of Croatian Railways, and the possibility of using alternative fuels.