| Abstract | U ovom radu će se detaljnije obraditi razdoblje u hrvatskoj povijesti koje se naziva Bachov apsolutizam čija je ideologija već izražena u Oktroiranom ustavu koji je donesen 1849. godine. Taj ustav je naišao na otpore i negodovanja kod hrvatskog naroda. Apsolutizmom se smatra oblik vladavine u kojoj vladar ima neograničenu vlast i u sebi ujedinjuje sve tri funkcije vlasti: zakonodavnu, upravnu i sudsku. Upravo zbog toga, važno je spomenuti osobe: cara Franju Josipa I. koji je zaslužan za uvođenje apsolutizma u Habsburškoj Monarhiji i tadašnjeg ministra unutrašnjih poslova Aleksandra Bacha po kojemu je apsolutizam i dobio naziv iako je on samo djelovao i provodio ga po carevim naredbama. Riječ je o apsolutizmu novoga tipa koji se zasniva na povezivanju apsolutizma staroga režima i stvaranja novog, kapitalističkog društva. Cilj mu je bio preoblikovati cijeli društveni život i time osigurati financijske osnove za održavanje jedinstvene, centralizirane države. To razdoblje započinje Silvestarskim patentom kojeg je Car izdao 31. prosinca 1851. i njime stavio izvan snage Oktroirani ustav te proglasio jedinstvenu, centraliziranu državu pod vlašću apsolutističkog monarha. Uvođenjem apsolutizma, u svim zemljama Monarhije, pa tako i u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji počinje se provoditi germanizacija, koja dakako nije bila vrlo rado prihvaćena, a policija dobiva novu ulogu i pod svojim nadzorom ima sva područja života i sve društvene slojeve. Te činjenice predstavljaju negativne strane tog političkog razdoblja, ali u radu će se posebno staviti pažnja na modernizaciju i reforme koje su se dogodile u navedenom razdoblju. Promjene su obuhvatile upravu, sudstvo, položaj crkve, poreze i zemljoposjedničke odnose. Također, opisat će se i artikulacija nacionalne svijesti iliraca, osobe koje su u tom smislu bile politički aktivne, općenito politički i kulturni život u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji, kao i odraz na gospodarski položaj Hrvatske u odnosu na druge zemlje Monarhije. Naposljetku, navest će se i uzroci koji su doveli do sloma apsolutizma. Donošenjem Listopadske diplome 20. listopada 1860., austrijski vladar je svim narodima vratio ustavno stanje i time proglasio kraj apsolutizma. Tijekom pisanja rada korištena je domaća literatura, metoda istraživanja, metoda dedukcije i metoda komparacije. |
| Abstract (english) | In this paper, the period in Croatian history, called Bach's absolutism, whose ideology has already been expressed in the Octroiated Constitution adopted in 1849. This constitution has encountered resentment and neglect with the Croat people. Absolutism is considered a form of rule in which the ruler has unlimited power and unites all three functions of government: legislative, administrative and judicial. For this very reason, it is important to mention the person of Emperor Franjo Josip I who is responsible for the introduction of absolutism in the Habsburg Monarchy and then of Interior Minister Aleksandar Bach, for which absolutism was given the name even though he only acted and carried it by the emperor's orders. It is about the absolutism of a new type that is based on connecting the absolutism of the old regime and the creation of a new, capitalist society. His goal was to redesign the entire social life and thus provide financial grounds for maintaining a unified, centralized state. This period begins with the Silvestrian patent issued by the Emperor on December 31., 1851., and puts it out of force with the Oeded Constitution, proclaiming a unified, centralized state under the rule of the absolutist monarch. With the introduction of absolutism, in all the countries of the Monarchy, so also in Croatia and Slavonia, the Germanization is being implemented, which, of course, was not widely accepted, and the police gain a new role and under their supervision has all areas of life and all the social strata. These facts represent the negative side of this political period, but the work will pay particular attention to the modernization and reform that took place in that period. The changes included the administration, the divisiveness, the position of the church, taxes and land relations. It will also describe the articulation of the national consciousness of the Illyrians, persons who were politically active in this respect, generally political and cultural life in Croatia and Slavonia, as well as a reflection on the economic position of Croatia in relation to other countries of the Monarchy. Finally, the causes that led to the fall of absolutism will be revealed. With the October Diploma On October 20., 1860., the Aussie ruler returned to all peoples the constitutional state and proclaimed the end of absolutism. During the writing work, domestic literature, research methods, deduction methods and comparative methods were used. |
