| Abstract | Pravni položaj žena od 1848. do 1918. na hrvatskom području najvećim je dijelom bio propisan Općim građanskim zakonikom. On je donesen 1811. godine. U Dalmaciju i Istru se postepeno uvodio od 1814. do 1820. godine, a u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji stupio je na snagu tek 1853. godine. Opći građanski zakonik se temeljio na načelu jednakosti, slobodi oporučivanja te slobodi i suglasnosti stranaka prilikom sklapanja pravnih poslova. Tako je položaj žene izjednačio s položajem muškarca, međutim žene ipak nisu mogle biti svjedokinje oporuke i gruntovnih isprava, skrbnice ili tutorice. To pravo stekle su tek krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća. Brak između dvije osobe različitog spola se sklapao vjenčanjem te nije smjela postojati zakonska zapreka. Ako su brak sklopile dvije osobe koje su bile različitih vjeroispovijedi, Opći građanski zakonik je propisivao kako kćeri slijede vjeru majke, a sinovi vjeru oca. Tome se protivila Katolička crkva te je propisivala kad je jedan od supružnika katolik sva djeca moraju slijediti katoličku vjeru. Prema Općem građanskom zakoniku imovina u braku je bila razdvojena, međutim suprug je imao pravo raspolagati i uživati imovinu svoje supruge bez njezina pristanka. Bračni drug se prilikom nasljeđivanja smatrao zakonski nasljednik. Ukoliko su uz bračnog druga postojali potomci, on je imao samo pravo plodouživanja na ostavini. Žena je prilikom nasljeđivanja imala pravo na običnu opskrbu. To je značilo da je mogla ostati živjeti u stanu u kojem je živjela tijekom bračne zajednice, ali samo u periodu od šest tjedana od smrti muža. Još jedna bitna značajka Općeg građanskog zakonika je bila u tome što ženama nije ograničavao slobodu obavljanja samostalnog zvanja. Tako su žene napravile prve korake prema zapošljavanju i javnoj sferi života. Posao učiteljice je bila prva profesija koja je pružala sigurno i stabilno zaposlenje žena te im pružala ekonomsku neovisnost. Međutim, učiteljicama je bio zabranjen rad nakon udaje te se smatralo da se udajom dobrovoljno odrekla službe. Kasnije se mogla udati samo za učitelja, tek je sredinom 20. stoljeća ta odredba bila je ukinuta. |
| Abstract (english) | The legal position of women from 1848 to 1918 in Croatian territory was mostly prescribed by the General Civil Code. It was passed in 1811. It was gradually introduced in Dalmatia and Istria from 1814 to 1820, and in Croatia and Slavonia it came into force only in 1853. The General Civil Code was based on the principle of equality, freedom of will and freedom and consent of the parties when entering into legal transactions. Thus, he equalized the position of women with the position of men, however, women could not be witnesses to wills and deeds, guardians or tutors. They acquired this right only at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. A marriage between two people of different sexes was concluded by a wedding, and there should not have been any legal obstacle. If two people who were of different religions got married, the General Civil Code stipulated that daughters follow the religion of the mother and sons follow the religion of the father. The Catholic Church was opposed to this and prescribed that when one of the spouses is Catholic, all children must follow the Catholic faith. According to the General Civil Code, property in marriage was separated, however, the husband had the right to dispose of and enjoy his wife's property without her consent. When inheriting, the spouse was considered the legal heir. If there were descendants with the spouse, he only had the right to usufruct on the estate. When inheriting, a woman had the right to ordinary maintenance. This meant that she could stay in the apartment where she lived during the marriage, but only for a period of six weeks after her husband's death. Another important feature of the General Civil Code was that it did not restrict women's freedom to exercise their own profession. Thus, women took the first steps towards employment and the public sphere of life. The job of a teacher was the first profession that provided secure and stable employment for women and provided them with economic independence. However, female teachers were prohibited from working after marriage and were considered to have voluntarily renounced their service by marrying. Later, she could only marry a teacher, only in the middle of the 20th century was this provision abolished. |
