Title Sloboda izražavanja u medijima i njezina ograničenja
Title (english) Freedom of Expression in the Media and its Limitations
Author Mirta Horvat
Mentor Barbara Herceg Pakšić (mentor)
Committee member Tunjica Petrašević (predsjednik povjerenstva)
Committee member Mato Palić (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Barbara Herceg Pakšić (član povjerenstva)
Granter Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Faculty of Law Osijek (Chair of Criminal Law) Osijek
Defense date and country 2020-06-03, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline SOCIAL SCIENCES Law Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law, Criminology and Victimology
Abstract Sloboda izražavanja temeljno je ljudsko pravo, uređeno brojnim međunarodnim dokumentima. Ona podrazumijeva pravo na razmjenu i primanje ideja i informacija, čak i onih koje vrijeđaju, šokiraju ili uznemiravaju. No, sloboda izražavanja nije apsolutna, već relativna sloboda koju je moguće ograničiti. Europski sud za ljudska prava prilikom ocjene zahtjeva o povredi prava na slobodu izražavanja procjenjuje je li ograničenje bilo propisano zakonom, je li slijedilo legitimni cilj i je li to ograničenje bilo neophodno u demokratskom društvu (trodijelni test). Vrhovni sud Sjedinjenih Američkih država, a i niži američki sudovi, primjenjuju princip tzv. neposredne nezakonite radnje, odnosno, dozvoljavaju ograničenje slobode izražavanja ukoliko govor zagovara i potiče na neposredne nezakonite radnje, a vjerojatno je da će i dovesti do takvog nezakonitog ponašanja (Brandenburg test). No, razvoj interneta i pojava društvenih mreža, internetskih portala i blogova dovela je do trenutne mogućnosti primanja i slanja informacija. Zbog momentalne dostupnosti informacija, provjera istinitosti navedenih činjenica (engl. fact checking) postala je neophodan posao pružatelja informacija (medija). Gorući problem u Republici Hrvatskoj predstavljaju sudski postupci protiv novinara i medija zbog povrede časti i ugleda, odnosno velikih odšteta koje se dosuđuju na ime neimovinske štete. Isto tako, mediji na internetu suočeni su s nevjerojatnom brzinom diseminacije lažnih vijesti i govora mržnje. Protiv navedenog, internetski portali i društvene mreže bore se izmjenama svojih uvjeta korištenja, na način da omogućuju korisnicima prijavu nedozvoljenog sadržaja, koji pružatelji internetskih usluga, po obavijesti i provjeri, uklanjanju sa svojih platformi (engl. notice and takedown system). No, postojeći mehanizmi koji se koriste u borbi protiv govora mržnje i drugih internetskih kršenja, a koje sudovi često podržavaju i ohrabruju, mogu narušiti legitimna prava korisnika interneta, tzv. „digitalna prava“. Shodno, najvažniji problem iz perspektive slobode izražavanja u medijima na internetu postaje „fino balansiranje“ između zakonitog ograničenja nedozvoljenog govora i nedemokratske korporativne cenzure.
Abstract (english) Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right, governed by numerous international instruments. It implies the right to exchange and receive ideas and information, even those that offend shock or disturb. However, freedom of expression is not absolute, but rather a relative freedom that can be restricted. In assessing a claim of violation of the right to freedom of expression, the European Court of Human Rights evaluates whether the restriction was prescribed by law, pursued a legitimate aim, and whether this restriction was necessary in a democratic society (three-part test). The United States Supreme Court, as well as lower courts, applies the principle of the so-called imminent lawless action, that is, it allows the restriction of freedom of expression when said speech advocates and incites imminent lawless action and is likely that such unlawful behaviour will occur (Brandenburg test). Moreover, the evolution of the Internet and the development of social networks, web portals and blogs has led to immediate opportunity to receive and send information. Due to the instant information availability, verification of the information (fact checking) has become a necessary job for providers of information (the media). The burning problem in the Republic of Croatia is court proceedings against journalists and media for offenses against honour and reputation, as well as large compensations awarded in the name of non-pecuniary damage. Similarly, the Internet media are faced with the incredible speed of dissemination of fake news and hate speech. Against aforementioned, Internet portals and social networks have modified their terms of use to allow users to report inappropriate content, which Internet content providers, upon notification and verification, remove from their platforms (notice and takedown system). Nonetheless, the existing mechanisms used to combat hate speech and other Internet offenses, which are often supported and encouraged by the courts, may violate the legitimate rights of Internet users, so-called „digital rights“. Accordingly, the most important problem from the perspective of freedom of expression in the media on the Internet is the „fine balance“ between the legal restriction of prohibited speech and undemocratic corporate censorship.
Keywords
sloboda izražavanja
Europski sud za ljudska prava
Brandenburg
internetski mediji
odgovornost posrednika
Keywords (english)
freedom of expression
European Court of Human Rights
Brandenburg
Internet media
intermediary liability
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:132:284743
Study programme Title: Law Study programme type: university Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate Academic / professional title: magistar/magistra prava (magistar/magistra prava)
Type of resource Text
File origin Born digital
Access conditions Access restricted to students and staff of home institution
Terms of use
Created on 2021-04-06 14:19:28